Latest Public Technical Articles

In this article, we detail distribution transformer tap changers: fixed off-load (DETC) vs. dynamic on-load (OLTC) types,…

In this article, we detail distribution transformer tap changers: fixed off-load (DETC) vs. dynamic on-load (OLTC) types, their operational roles,…

Distribution transformers shape network voltage and fault behavior. Learn how winding configurations, vector groups, and…

Distribution transformers shape network voltage and fault behavior. Learn how winding configurations, vector groups, and grounding methods impact…

Learn how distribution transformers bridge medium-voltage feeders and end-use equipment, ensuring stable voltage through…

Learn how distribution transformers bridge medium-voltage feeders and end-use equipment, ensuring stable voltage through strategic placement,…

Learn about fault levels and short-circuit protection for medium-voltage distribution. We’ll examine current sources,…

Learn about fault levels and short-circuit protection for medium-voltage distribution. We’ll examine current sources, fault types, symmetrical…

Overhead vs. underground power distribution: Learn the cost, reliability, and design trade-offs for medium voltage power…

Overhead vs. underground power distribution: Learn the cost, reliability, and design trade-offs for medium voltage power systems across urban,…

Explore distribution topologies, from simple radial feeders to complex networks, and examine reliability metrics, common…

Explore distribution topologies, from simple radial feeders to complex networks, and examine reliability metrics, common causes of outages, and…

Learn how modern substation commissioning extends beyond plant checks to verify SCADA, comms, cybersecurity, and data…

Learn how modern substation commissioning extends beyond plant checks to verify SCADA, comms, cybersecurity, and data integrity for safe operation…

Substation field testing ensures long-term reliability. It verifies instrument transformers , circuit breakers, and…

Substation field testing ensures long-term reliability. It verifies instrument transformers , circuit breakers, and protection relays against…

Learn how substation commissioning verifies design intent and system integration through FAT, SAT, cold…

Learn how substation commissioning verifies design intent and system integration through FAT, SAT, cold (pre-energization), and hot…

Learn how smart substations can leverage IEC 61850 and CIM for data flow. Advanced analytics and machine learning (ML)…

Learn how smart substations can leverage IEC 61850 and CIM for data flow. Advanced analytics and machine learning (ML) can turn high-res data into…

In this new article series, we look at substation design and layout planning, starting here with early stage choices and…

In this new article series, we look at substation design and layout planning, starting here with early stage choices and physical layout.

Learn how modern substation integration merges protection and SCADA over digital networks and requires security and…

Learn how modern substation integration merges protection and SCADA over digital networks and requires security and human-centered HMIs for grid…

In substations, the DC system is critical for protection, control, and SCADA during AC loss. Learn about the relevant…

In substations, the DC system is critical for protection, control, and SCADA during AC loss. Learn about the relevant IEEE standards, choosing the…

Here, we provide an overview of common substation busbar configurations—Single Bus, Main and Transfer, Double…

Here, we provide an overview of common substation busbar configurations—Single Bus, Main and Transfer, Double Breaker/Double Bus, Ring Bus/Ring…

This article explains the role of substation isolators, covering their purpose in visible isolation and safe operating…

This article explains the role of substation isolators, covering their purpose in visible isolation and safe operating sequences with breakers and…

This article explores the crucial role of circuit breakers in substations, covering their fundamental functions,…

This article explores the crucial role of circuit breakers in substations, covering their fundamental functions, interruption processes, and the…

This article explores the essential role of instrument transformers (CTs and VTs) in substations, their construction,…

This article explores the essential role of instrument transformers (CTs and VTs) in substations, their construction, accuracy factors, and safety…

This article explores the role of power transformers in substations, highlighting their design, configurations, cooling…

This article explores the role of power transformers in substations, highlighting their design, configurations, cooling methods, tap-changing…

Learn how to model and manage heat in 4-6.5 kV IGBT and SiC modules using coupled electro-thermal simulations for…

Learn how to model and manage heat in 4-6.5 kV IGBT and SiC modules using coupled electro-thermal simulations for accurate cooling and reliable…