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Distribution Transformers and Voltage Regulation—Part 2: Step-Down Transformers

Distribution Transformers and Voltage Regulation—Part 2: Step-Down Transformers

Distribution transformers shape network voltage and fault behavior. Learn how winding configurations, vector groups, and grounding methods impact…


Primary Distribution Systems—Part 5: Planning for Today’s Grid

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 5: Planning for Today’s Grid

This article connects primary distribution to feeder upgrades (FLISR, right-sizing, DER/DCFC siting) for safety, quality, and restoration.


Primary Distribution Systems—Part 4: Fault Levels and Short Circuits

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 4: Fault Levels and Short Circuits

Learn about fault levels and short-circuit protection for medium-voltage distribution. We’ll examine current sources, fault types, symmetrical…


Primary Distribution Systems—Part 3: Overhead and Underground Choices

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 3: Overhead and Underground Choices

Overhead vs. underground power distribution: Learn the cost, reliability, and design trade-offs for medium voltage power systems across urban,…


Distribution System Fundamentals—Part 2: Topologies and Reliability

Distribution System Fundamentals—Part 2: Topologies and Reliability

Explore distribution topologies, from simple radial feeders to complex networks, and examine reliability metrics, common causes of outages, and…


Distribution System Fundamentals—Part 1: Networks

Distribution System Fundamentals—Part 1: Networks

This overview develops distribution’s role within the power system hierarchy, its functional objectives and constraints, and the common voltage…


Substation Components—Part 4: Isolators

Substation Components—Part 4: Isolators

This article explains the role of substation isolators, covering their purpose in visible isolation and safe operating sequences with breakers and…


Understanding the Role of Substations Along the Transmission Path

Understanding the Role of Substations Along the Transmission Path

This article examines the functions of four different types of substations within the electrical grid: step-up, step-down, transmission, and…


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 2

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 2

Here, in Part 2, we examine insulation coordination and Basic Insulation Level (BIL) in high-voltage systems for reliability against transient…


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 1

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 1

In this article, we explore high-voltage insulation coordination, focusing on the nature of overvoltages, standardized impulse and withstand…


Power Transfer and Angle Stability in Long-Distance Power Transmission

Power Transfer and Angle Stability in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine power transfer and angle stability. This is the final article in a 3-part series on long transmission line behavior.


An Introduction to Wave Propagation in Long-Distance Power Transmission

An Introduction to Wave Propagation in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine wave propagation effects. This is the second article of a 3-part series on long transmission line behavior.


An Introduction to Surge Impedance in Long-Distance Power Transmission

An Introduction to Surge Impedance in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine surge impedance loading and voltage profiles. This is the first article of a 3-part series on long transmission…


Modeling Medium and Long Transmission Lines for Power System Analysis

Modeling Medium and Long Transmission Lines for Power System Analysis

This second article in the series applies our knowledge about power system modeling to medium and long transmission lines.


Introduction to Transmission Line Modeling for Power System Analysis

Introduction to Transmission Line Modeling for Power System Analysis

This article series explores the modeling of short, medium, and long transmission lines for reliable simulation of power flow, voltage behavior,…


Optimizing MMC Submodule Capacitor Design for Medium Voltage Converters

Optimizing MMC Submodule Capacitor Design for Medium Voltage Converters

Learn how to determine the minimum capacitor per submodule to control voltage ripple and ensure long-term energy stability in 10-100 kV modular…


Transmission Line Losses and Efficiency Optimization—Part 5: FACTS

Transmission Line Losses and Efficiency Optimization—Part 5: FACTS

Learn about the role of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in enhancing power system efficiency, stability, and controllability. We’ll look…


Design Requirements of Transmission Line Towers

Design Requirements of Transmission Line Towers

This article provides an overview of transmission line towers, covering their structural designs, functional classifications, mechanical loading…


Implications of the Ferranti Effect Under No-Load and Light-Load Conditions

Implications of the Ferranti Effect Under No-Load and Light-Load Conditions

In this article we dive deeper into the Ferranti Effect examining operational challenges under light-load conditions. We also look at key…


Ferranti Effect and Its Impact on Long-Distance High-Voltage AC Transmission Line Regulation

Ferranti Effect and Its Impact on Long-Distance High-Voltage AC Transmission Line Regulation

This article introduces you to the Ferranti Effect and its impact on voltage regulation in long-distance high-voltage AC transmission lines,…