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Primary Distribution Systems—Part 4: Fault Levels and Short Circuits

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 4: Fault Levels and Short Circuits

Learn about fault levels and short-circuit protection for medium-voltage distribution. We’ll examine current sources, fault types, symmetrical…


Primary Distribution Systems—Part 3: Overhead and Underground Choices

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 3: Overhead and Underground Choices

Overhead vs. underground power distribution: Learn the cost, reliability, and design trade-offs for medium voltage power systems across urban,…


Primary Distribution Systems—Part 1: Design of Feeders and Laterals

Primary Distribution Systems—Part 1: Design of Feeders and Laterals

This article discusses primary distribution system transport of medium-voltage power from substations via feeders to local transformers to ensure…


Substation Design and Layout Planning—Part 3: Noise and Oil Control Issues

Substation Design and Layout Planning—Part 3: Noise and Oil Control Issues

In the final part of this series, we examine substation design practices for managing two critical issues: oil containment and noise control.


Substation Design and Layout Planning—Part 1: Early Stage Decisions

Substation Design and Layout Planning—Part 1: Early Stage Decisions

In this new article series, we look at substation design and layout planning, starting here with early stage choices and physical layout.


Substation Components—Part 7: SCADA and Protection Integration

Substation Components—Part 7: SCADA and Protection Integration

Learn how modern substation integration merges protection and SCADA over digital networks and requires security and human-centered HMIs for grid…


Substation Components—Part 6: Station Batteries and DC Supply

Substation Components—Part 6: Station Batteries and DC Supply

In substations, the DC system is critical for protection, control, and SCADA during AC loss. Learn about the relevant IEEE standards, choosing the…


Substation Components—Part 5: Busbar Configurations

Substation Components—Part 5: Busbar Configurations

Here, we provide an overview of common substation busbar configurations—Single Bus, Main and Transfer, Double Breaker/Double Bus, Ring Bus/Ring…


Substation Components—Part 4: Isolators

Substation Components—Part 4: Isolators

This article explains the role of substation isolators, covering their purpose in visible isolation and safe operating sequences with breakers and…


Substation Components—Part 3:  Circuit Breakers

Substation Components—Part 3:  Circuit Breakers

This article explores the crucial role of circuit breakers in substations, covering their fundamental functions, interruption processes, and the…


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 5

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 5

In the final part of this article series, we examine key field testing and online monitoring techniques for high-voltage insulation systems.


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 4

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 4

In this article, learn methods for mitigating lightning- and switching-induced overvoltages in high-voltage networks through surge arresters,…


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 2

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 2

Here, in Part 2, we examine insulation coordination and Basic Insulation Level (BIL) in high-voltage systems for reliability against transient…


High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 1

High-Voltage Testing and Insulation Coordination—Part 1

In this article, we explore high-voltage insulation coordination, focusing on the nature of overvoltages, standardized impulse and withstand…


An Introduction to Bundled Conductors in Transmission Lines

An Introduction to Bundled Conductors in Transmission Lines

This article explores the design of bundled conductors for high-voltage transmission lines, highlighting their electrical and mechanical advantages.


Insulation Coordination Strategies for Series-Connected Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems

Insulation Coordination Strategies for Series-Connected Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems

Learn how to optimize and design a reliable insulation framework for an HVDC network, focusing on aspects like insulation clearance, voltage surge…


Power Transfer and Angle Stability in Long-Distance Power Transmission

Power Transfer and Angle Stability in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine power transfer and angle stability. This is the final article in a 3-part series on long transmission line behavior.


An Introduction to Wave Propagation in Long-Distance Power Transmission

An Introduction to Wave Propagation in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine wave propagation effects. This is the second article of a 3-part series on long transmission line behavior.


An Introduction to Surge Impedance in Long-Distance Power Transmission

An Introduction to Surge Impedance in Long-Distance Power Transmission

In this article, we will examine surge impedance loading and voltage profiles. This is the first article of a 3-part series on long transmission…


Modeling Medium and Long Transmission Lines for Power System Analysis

Modeling Medium and Long Transmission Lines for Power System Analysis

This second article in the series applies our knowledge about power system modeling to medium and long transmission lines.